IBM Personal Computer - Wikipedia. The IBM Personal Computer, commonly known as the IBM PC, is the original version and progenitor of the IBM PC compatible hardware platform. It is IBM model number 5. August 1. 2, 1. 98. It was created by a team of engineers and designers under the direction of Don Estridge of the IBM Entry Systems Division in Boca Raton, Florida. The generic term personal computer was in use before 1. Xerox PARC's Alto, but because of the success of the IBM Personal Computer, the term "PC" came to mean more specifically a desktop microcomputer compatible with IBM's Personal Computer branded products. Within a short time of the introduction, third- party suppliers of peripheral devices, expansion cards, and software proliferated; the influence of the IBM PC on the personal computer market was substantial in standardizing a platform for personal computers. IBM compatible" became an important criterion for sales growth; after the 1. Apple Macintosh family kept significant market share without compatibility with the IBM personal computer. History[edit]International Business Machines (IBM), one of the world's largest companies, had a 6. Un libro è un insieme di fogli, stampati oppure manoscritti, delle stesse dimensioni, rilegati insieme in un certo ordine e racchiusi da una copertina. Download the free trial version below to get started. Double-click the downloaded file to install the software. Catalogna. Catalogna, voto tra tensioni. File nonostante i divieti, la polizia.Catalogna, è battaglia nei seggi: la polizia carica, molti feriti. Its share of the overall computer market, however, had declined from 6. Perhaps distracted by a long- running antitrust lawsuit, the "Colossus of Armonk" completely missed the fast- growing minicomputer market during the 1. Wang, Hewlett- Packard (HP), and Control Data in other areas.[2]In 1. 1 I celebrate myself, and sing myself, And what I assume you shall assume, For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. I loafe and invite my soul.Business. Week asked, "Is IBM just another stodgy, mature company?" By 1. IBM's earnings for the first half the year grew by 5. Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) grew by more than 3. The company began selling minicomputers, but in January 1. United States Department of Justice ended the antitrust suit because, The New York Times reported, the government "recognized what computer experts and securities analysts had long since concluded: I. B. M. no longer dominates the computer business".[1][7]IBM wished to avoid the same outcome with the new personal computer industry,[5] dominated by the Commodore PET, Atari 8- bit family, Apple II, Tandy Corporation's TRS- 8. CP/M machines.[8] With $1. IBM's attention. Other large technology companies such as HP, Texas Instruments, and Data General had entered it, and some large IBM customers were buying Apples,[9][2][1. In 1. 98. 0 and 1. IBM personal computer, perhaps a miniaturized version of the IBM System/3. Matsushita acknowledged that it had discussed with IBM the possibility of manufacturing a personal computer for the American company.[1. The Japanese project, codenamed "Go", ended before the 1. American- designed IBM PC codenamed "Chess", but two simultaneous projects further confused rumors about the forthcoming product.[1. Too late?[edit]Data General and Texas Instruments' small computers were not very successful,[1. AT& T to soon enter the computer industry, and other large companies such as Exxon, Montgomery Ward, Pentel, and Sony were designing their own microcomputers.[1. Whether IBM had waited too long to enter an industry in which Apple and others were already successful was unclear.[6][2][1. An observer stated that "IBM bringing out a personal computer would be like teaching an elephant to tap dance."[1. Successful microcomputer company Vector Graphic's fiscal 1. A single IBM computer in the early 1. The company only sold through its internal sales force, had no experience with resellers or retail stores,[1. IBM equipment until 1. Another observer claimed that IBM made decisions so slowly that, when tested, "what they found is that it would take at least nine months to ship an empty box".[2. As with other large computer companies, its new products typically required about four to five years for development.[1. IBM had to learn how to quickly develop, mass- produce, and market new computers. While the company traditionally let others pioneer a new market—IBM released its first commercial computer a year after Remington Rand's UNIVAC in 1. Many in the microcomputer industry resented IBM's power and wealth, and disliked the perception that an industry founded by startups needed a latecomer so staid that it had a strict dress code and employee songbook.[2. The potential importance to microcomputers of a company so prestigious, that a popular saying in American companies stated "No one ever got fired for buying IBM", was nonetheless clear.[1. Info. World, which described itself as "The Newsweekly for Microcomputer Users", stated that "for my grandmother, and for millions of people like her, IBM and computer are synonymous".[2. Byte ("The Small Systems Journal") stated in an editorial[1. IBM PC: Rumors abound about personal computers to come from giants such as Digital Equipment Corporation and the General Electric Company. But there is no contest. IBM's new personal computer .. When the number eight company in the Fortune 5. The influence of a personal computer made by a company whose name has literally come to mean "computer" to most of the world is hard to contemplate. The editorial acknowledged that "some factions in our industry have looked upon IBM as the 'enemy'", but concluded with optimism: "I want to see personal computing take a giant step."[1. Predecessors[edit]Desktop sized programmable calculators by Hewlett Packard had evolved into the HP 9. BASIC language computer by 1. In 1. 97. 2–1. 97. Dr. Paul Friedl at the IBM Los Gatos Scientific Center developed a portable computer prototype called SCAMP (Special Computer APL Machine Portable) based on the IBM PALM processor with a Philips compact cassette drive, small CRT, and full- function keyboard. SCAMP emulated an IBM 1. APL\1. 13. 0.[2. 9] In 1. APL was generally available only on mainframe computers, and most desktop sized microcomputers such as the Wang 2. . HP 9. 80. 0 offered only BASIC.Because it was the first to emulate APL\1. PC Magazine in 1. SCAMP a "revolutionary concept" and "the world's first personal computer".[2. The prototype is in the Smithsonian Institution. A non- working industrial design model was also created in 1. Tom Hardy illustrating how the SCAMP engineering prototype could be transformed into a usable product design for the marketplace. This design model was requested by IBM executive Bill Lowe to complement the engineering prototype in his early efforts to demonstrate the viability of creating a single- user computer.[3. Successful demonstrations of the 1. SCAMP prototype led to the IBM 5. In the late 1. 96. The 5. 10. 0 was a complete computer system programmable in BASIC or APL, with a small built- in CRT monitor, keyboard, and tape drive for data storage. It was also very expensive, up to US$2. BYTE in 1. 97. 5 announced the 5. Welcome, IBM, to personal computing",[3. PC Magazine in 1. IBM support for third- party software.[2. Despite news reports that it was the first IBM product without a model number, when the PC was introduced in 1. IBM 5. 15. 0, putting it in the "5. IBM 5. 10. 0. Later models followed in the trend: For example, the IBM Portable Personal Computer, PC/XT, and PC AT are IBM machine types 5. Following SCAMP, the IBM Boca Raton, Florida Laboratory created several single- user computer design concepts to support Lowe's ongoing effort to convince IBM there was a strategic opportunity in the personal computer business. A selection of these early IBM design concepts created by industrial designer Tom Hardy in the infancy of personal computing is highlighted in the book ‘’DELETE: A Design History of Computer Vapourware.‘’ One such concept in 1. Aquarius, was a working prototype utilizing advanced bubble memory cartridges. While this design was more powerful and smaller than Apple II launched the same year, the advanced bubble technology was deemed unstable and not ready for mass production.[3. Project Chess[edit]Some employees opposed IBM entering the market.[3. One said, "Why on earth would you care about the personal computer? It has nothing at all to do with office automation." "Besides", he added, "all it can do is cause embarrassment for IBM".[3. The company studied personal computer designs—Walden C. Rhines of TI, for example, in 1. Boca Raton group considering the TMS9. IBM was unable to internally build a personal computer profitably.[1. IBM President John Opel was not among those skeptical of personal computers. He and CEO Frank Cary had created more than one dozen semi- autonomous "Independent Business Units" (IBU) to encourage innovation; [5][3.
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